Hello,
Please see the RichTextBoxExtended file's OnApplyBackgroundCanExecute and OnApplyBackgroundExecute methods as those basically are what process that command. The RichTextBoxExtended constructor sets them up with:
this.CommandBindings.Add(new CommandBinding(ApplicationCommands.ApplyBackground, OnApplyBackgroundExecute, OnApplyBackgroundCanExecute));
Then you can see how the one method calls a UpdateApplyDefaultBackgroundSmallImageSource method in that code as well. That is what updates the image source to fill in the box in TextHighlightColor16.png.